Mandatory Incarceration For Chronic Juvenile Offenders

In researching materials of mandatory incarceration for chronic juvenile offenders, I had to define ‘What is a chronic juvenile offender?’ It is a young individual who are chronic reoffenders that is arrested on average two years earlier than juvenile offender (age usually 11 or younger). â€Å"The threshold in chronic offending for number of arrests is five. Therefore, youth arrested for the sixth time are extremely likely to later become young chronic offenders. So the use of arrests seems to be more appropriate in measuring of chronicity† (FSU, 1999). In order to properly address mandatory incarceration for chronic juvenile offender’s criminal activities, it is important to begin with psychological assessments and evaluations. Half of our youths have experienced some type of psychological trauma such as depression, PTSD, personality disorders, anxiety, anger issues, or dissociation, just to name a few (Moroz, K. 2009). In order to determine mandatory incarceration, all of these factors must be considered. I will agree with most of our society that is , if they are a danger to society and serious of the crime, they need to be put into detention, where they cannot cause harm but where they can received the right intervention program and mental health treatment for them, it’s the law. The juvenile justice system is to rehabilitate not punish young offenders. Punishment is not the answer in solving their delinquent behavioral patterns. I feel that they need to do psychologicalShow MoreRelatedDoes Punishment Deter Crime?1773 Words   |  8 Pagescriminals in prisons are not beneficial, we must understand these goals. Retribution is the sentencing goal that seeks revenge on a criminal. It corresponds to the â€Å"just deserts† model of sentencing due to the fact that it deems offenders responsible for their crimes. When an offender is punished under this model, they are said to have received their â€Å"just deserts† (Schmalleger, 2005). Imprisonment is the primary sentencing goal of this model. Yet, capital punishment has resulted in the ultimate retributionRead MoreThe Adam Gopniks The Caging Of America1569 Words   |  7 Pagesand the detrimental consequences that prisoners are left to face. Although Gopnik undeniably articulates, â€Å"we need to take more care,† he lacks a concrete solution to the epidemic that is mass-incarceration. But in order for us to unearth this solution, we must f irst retrace the history of mass incarceration and reevaluate the egregious effects it has on our society. Starting during the 1980s, when the State and Federal government were struggling to combat an extreme rise in drug use throughoutRead MoreWhy Crimes Are Committed969 Words   |  4 PagesCareer criminals are defined as having more than five contacts with police through their lives. Walker attests that for thirty plus years career criminals have been a concentration of crime control policy in terms of preventative detention, major offender prosecution programs, selective incapacitation- Â…aimed at the so called career criminal (Walker 68). If the causes and reasons for certain individuals to continue committing crimes through adult life are identified, it is thought that they canRead MoreDrug Use And Its Effects On The United States2048 Words   |  9 PagesAccording to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, 20,000 people die from illicit drug abuse each year. In Holland, drugs fall under health agencies’ jurisdiction rather than law enforcement’s. Because of these regulations, they have seen a decline in chronic use of hard drugs and casual use of soft drugs (Stanford University). These declines can be seen in the table below. Most Republicans or conservatives support the War on Drugs because they believe that drugs should not be legalized and that thereRead MorePrison : Recidivism And Reentry3158 Words   |  13 Pagesculprits leading to incarceration and repeat criminal offenses among women in recent years. Drug offenses have the largest increase of any crime committed by female offenders. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics (2012), the most serious offense for 59.4% of women in federal prison and 25.1% of women in state prisons is violation of drug laws (Carson Sabol, 2011). In addition, Stuart and Brice-Baker (2004) found that the rise in female criminal behavior and incarceration can be attributedRead MorePrison : Recidivism And Reentry3158 Words   |  13 Pagesculprits leading to incarceration and repeat criminal offenses among women in recent years. Drug offenses have the largest increase of any crime committed by female offenders. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics (2012), the most serious offense for 59.4% of women in federal prison and 25.1% of women in state prisons is violation of drug laws (Carson Sabol, 2011). In addition, Stuart and Brice-Baker (2004) found that the rise in female criminal behavior and incarceration can be attributedRead More The Development of Childhood Throughout History Essay3065 Words   |  13 Pagesenforced, and many children continued to be subjected to unfair treatment. (Siegel 15) Before the 20th Century children were treated with extreme cruelty in the home, school and by law enforcement. There was little difference between juvenile and adult offenders and both children and adults were eligible for the same type punishment. As society became more aware and sensitive to the needs of children, treatment of these children changed and it became apparent that these children formed a separateRead MoreIncarceration: Prison and Inmates10532 Words   |  43 Pagesof crimes. The judicial system is authorized to confine persons convicted of crimes. This confinement, whether before or after a criminal conviction, is called incarceration. Incarceration is one of the main forms of punishment for the commission of illegal offenses. Juveniles and adults alike are subject to incarceration. Incarceration is the detention of a person in a jail or prison. The federal, state, and local governments have facilities to confine people. Individuals awaiting trial, beingRead MoreCritical Analysis of Women Behind Bars Essay4460 Words   |  18 Pagessubstance abuse and physical and sexual abuse among incarcerated women. Silja Talvi’s aim is to â€Å"shed light on what has contributed to this historic phenomenon of the mass incarceration of women in the United States† (Talvi, 2007). This paper will give background on how Silja J.A. Talvi researched the increase of female incarceration. This paper will also give insight surrounding the problems of the women, who Silja J.A. Talvi interviewed, faced while incarcerated. Additionally, outside resources pertainingRead MoreEssay on Report On Youth Violence2876 Words   |  12 Pagesa cafeteria worker. The student was expelled from school. - A nine-year-old on the way to school found a manicure kit with a 1-inch knife. The student was suspended for one day. The report notes that many of these children are also referred to juvenile court: - In Ponchatoula Louisiana, a 12-year-old who had been diagnosed with a hyperactive disorder warned the kids in the lunch line not to eat all the potatoes, or quot;Im going to get you.quot; The student, turned in by the lunch monitor

Cultural Analysis of Ben Jerrys Issue Using Scheins...

Company Background of Ben Jerry’s In 1978, Ben Jerry’s Homemade Inc. was established in Vermont, Burlington. According to Material Handling Management (2008), Ben Jerry’s operate with â€Å"more than 650 employees in three facilities, all in Vermont – South Burlington, Waterbury and St. Albans. Corporate offices are located at South Burlington site.† Ben Jerry’s hold ‘Free Cone Day: free scoops of Ben Jerry’s’ once a year to mark its annual anniversaries nationwide. Ben Jerry’s Foundation is founded in 1985 to offer funding to community-oriented schemes. The board of directors of the company â€Å"commits 7.5% of the company’s annual pretax profits to philanthropy.† (http://www.benandjerrysfoundation.org/who-we-are.html) Ben Jerry’s†¦show more content†¦According to Wilson (2010: 224), â€Å"organizational cultures are not mirror images of the cultures of the wilder society.† As businesses grow internationally, culture becomes an important feature to consider. â€Å"Intercultural communication refers to a process in which messages created in one culture must be processed and interpreted in another culture.† (Hill, Wu, Beadle and Brown, 2012: 297) Organizations from different countries where native language is not similar to each other, may encounter difficulties to communicate due to barriers to intercultural communication which includes non-verbal behaviors and non-verbal interactions. Non-verbal interactions and behaviors can cause anger, sadness and fear because of misunderstanding each other. Language, anxiety, prejudice and stereotypes are also barriers to intercultural communications. Language can be misunderstood by translation problems. Translation plays a role in enhancing communications between cultures. However, translation is often faulty byShow MoreRelatedOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesresult oriented but also to b e wise in their decision making. This requires that they have a deeper than superficial understanding of management and organization issues. McAuley et al. helps student and managers understand organizational performance without having to go through extensive reading. It deepens their understanding of issues with which they are confronted in practice, by putting them into a larger context. This book really helps students and managers to become wiser. Professor Renà © Tissen

Magical Realism free essay sample

Genre, in its most common definition, is â€Å"a class or category of artistic endeavor† (Genre), and is used in many ways to define how a work of art, literature, or anything should be categorized. However, the art of defining a genre is a hairy situation; meaning, it is very difficult to categorize something because genre is culturally defined and is much a taboo as sex and drugs are in the United States. Although genre can be hairy to define and categorize, seeing something might be one thing in the U.S, and something else in another county, it allows for an interesting analysis to take place. And some languages, like Spanish, allow for unique genres that create a more interesting analysis. The Spanish language presents opportunities for authors unlike any other language on earth. Through its use of conditional tenses and the hypothetical past-subjunctive mood, the Spanish language is able to express ideas in ways that English would never see possible. We will write a custom essay sample on Magical Realism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Such examples would include a genre that one might feel is mind-boggling and hard to grasp, magical realism. Magical realism, â€Å"a style of [literature] in which fantastic [thoughts] or imaginary [thoughts] and unsettling images are depicted in a sharp yet realistic manner† (Magical Realism), is native to the Hispanic and Latin culture and has been interpreted by notorious authors such as Luis Borges, Federico Garcia Lorca and many others. Although fairly unique, the idea of magical realism was simply a mutation of fantasy and tall tales and contains limitations which limit, yet allow, the author to create a magical tale. The single most noticeable limitation in magical realism is the contrast from reality to a world of fantasy. Some novels, like El Otro by Borges, utilize a difference in time to distinguish between what is fact and what is not. Other novels, like Aleph by Borges, utilize a characterization difference within one persona. For example, the protagonist in an other novel by Lorca is a chimera and contains the antagonist within his mind. Although, several conceits and complex comparisons lay within this split characterization, there is a direct reference to magical realism. But, how is there a limitation for the author in magical realism? The limitation lays in the necessity for a steep and sharp contrast between the world of fantasy and reality. But out of the single limitation, there are several helping agents for the author of this particular genre. Probably, the most successful is the allowance of a deeper comparison, conceit and a more complex theme. Although most magical realism novels contain a similar theme, there is grand variation in each. Another very prominent allowance in magical realism is the genre’s accessibility but not its understandability. The people of the Spanish world love to read such novels because of the world it transports them too and, yet, allowing them to remain in realistic state of mind. It is in the belief of many that this particular genre is one of the most accessible genres in the world, as it is read in almost every single country on earth. Another surprising fact, or interesting one should say, is the number two book in the world, Don Quixote which is only two under the bible, is a novel categorized as magical realism in almost every single culture on earth. As mentioned in the introductory statement, there are several tenses, moods and elements in Spanish that allow this to happen. There are, however, translations in English that do, sadly, lose the true value of the work. The subjunctive mood, a mood to clarify doubt and emotion in the speakers voicing to the audience, is the primary culprit behind the genre. Not to be confused with the conditional tense, the subjunctive contains several tenses within itself that are most predominant in works of Spanish-realism novels. The most prevalent would be the preterite-imperfect of the subjunctive. (Also referred to as the compl ex-past subjunctive) This tense within the subjunctive is completely hypothetical and can be exemplified, best in English, as â€Å"I would have done this if†¦.† This is, however, not an accurate description of the difference. Probably the most primary element of this is, ironically, the conditional clause towards the end of the predicate. With the above constraints, this genre is widely read and understood by intellectuals and people who study literature. It is widely agreed upon by the Royal Academy of the Spanish language, the governing body of the rules and structure of Spanish language and literature, that magical realism is a quintessential stepping stone to the Spanish language and should be treated as such. And, it should also be noted that this genre is by far one of the most â€Å"magical†. Magical Realism free essay sample A study of Magical Realism in Juan Rulfos Pedro Paramo and Gabriel Garcia-Marquezs Death Constant Beyond Love. The paper discusses how the use of Magical Realism, as a technique, in Pedro Paramo by Juan Rulfo and Death Constant Beyond Love by Gabriel-Garcia Marquez, is essentially one whereby elements of the unreal are inextricably woven into real life to question the difference, if any, between illusion and reality. The paper shows how the use of the technique is apparent in the overall story as well as in the way the principal protagonists are shown dealing with life. Similarly, in Death Constant Beyond Love, Gabriel Garca-Marquezs story of Senator Onesimo Sanchezs continual quest for life in the face of imminent death, the question of illusion and reality is highlighted through the Senators continued campaigning and his indulgence in an affair that ultimately causes his downfall. Was the Senator deluding himself with the only reality being death or was the Senator only continuing to live what had always been his reality as in the false make-believe world of politics and in fact, being realistic, by making most of the time he had left with Laura (he found the woman of his life: 2430) Thus, the lines between illusion and reality begin to blur depending on the perspective from which it is considered the Senators or the readers. We will write a custom essay sample on Magical Realism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Managing and Feeding Lactating Dairy †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Managing and Feeding Lactating Dairy. Answer: Introduction: The study examines the UKCIP adaptation wizard Dairy Crest to establish the impacts of climate change on the sector. Dairy Crest is one of UKs leading companies that deal with the production, manufacturing and supply of milk products. The organization is listed amongst the most performing firms in the dairy products industry due to the number of brands, employees and annual net profits. Climate is an important factor when it comes to the progress of the field and changes might greatly influence Dairy Crest either in the positive or negative way. The present temperature factors influencing the sector should therefore be controlled to reduce any negative impacts that might result in the future (Christensen et.al 2013). The companys activities including the site developments and care for the animals, extraction and processing of the products, employee activities and the marketing and supply of the outputs greatly depend on climate. Getting Started How does Climate change affect the system? Cows purposefully kept for the production of milk are sensitive to the environmental temperatures which affects their yields in the long run. The animals are comfortable in cool areas with temperatures of below 70 degrees. The UK dairy industry is at risk due to the increased climatic changes that occur due to heavy industrial activities. Most manufacturing and processing companies are responsible for the increased emission of greenhouse gases. As (Capper, Cady Bauman 2009) explains, once these gases get to the atmosphere, they destroy the ozone layer which leads to sudden weather alterations. Unfavorable weather changes influence the growth of animal pastures and the existence of the dairy cows as well. Dairy Crest deals with the grooming of the livestock, processing and selling of the resulting products. All their activities can therefore be inconvenienced due to climate change as all these activities require specific temperatures for quality outcomes (Ethical Consumer 2015). Extremely hot temperatures will lead to stress and discomfort of the livestock which in turn reduces their milk production. That explains the reason for the construction of their structures which minimizes the amount of heat getting inside. The pasture growth will also be disadvantaged because of too much heat which might lead to poor quality of grass and legumes. Dairy Crest will alternatively spent a lot of resources on irrigation. Severe cold weather is also dangerous for the growth of dairy animals as they need direct sunrays at times during developments. This kind of weather leads to dump conditions around the animal breeding areas which is a contributing factor to diseases. The organization also has many employees both in the fields and offices to ensure all operations run as desired. In the cases of extreme weather changes, the staff members may not be able to effectively perform their duties which is a disadvantage to achieving the goals and objectives of the company. What are the desired achievements for the assessment? The main issue that requires attention for the study is climate change in the agricultural sector, specifically dairy farming. The increased industrialization affects livestock keeping in such a way that it might lead to the collapse of companies dealing with these products. Dairy Crest as the company in question covers a great part of the UK milk market. The main reason as to why the firm is doing well is because of favorable weather conditions which is turning to be a threat. The analysis seeks to address all the factors influencing climate and their impact on dairy activities. The situation is experiencing variations on a daily basis which is also a factor to consider. The illustration therefore aims at studying the possible future of climate change and the extremes to which it will influence agriculture. Dairy Crest might be doing so well at the moment but that situation might not be similar in the next few years. The report therefore illustrates the position of the company and the likely hood of change in any direction. Studying these issues related to natural environment requires time of investigation and observation which determines the kind of results at the end of the research. The report has therefore looked at the dairy sector in the UK ten years ago and the new advancements or problems that have emerged since then. The same analysis also focuses on predicting the future for the industry five years in the future and comparing the results. Climate change is the main focus of comparison as it keeps on changing depending on the kind of industrial activities occurring in the neighboring environment. What are difficulties faced and methods to overcome them? Dairy Crest as a leading company in the agricultural supply market does not always have it easy as many might think. They face a lot of challenges especially those connected to climatic changes and the natural environment in general. Their daily activities require favorable weather conditions to achieve their set goals and market expectations. Since they deal with both growing of pastures and keeping of the livestock, their risks are higher. The firm might end up losing in both fields which are interconnected and hence leading to reduce sales and animal count. The companys operations face the danger of reduced milk and fat production from the animals due to extreme weather conditions (Dunn et.al 2014). Technological advancements for cooling warming buildings play a great role in maintaining the appropriate room temperature that is required for proper breeding. When it comes to the outdoor environment, Dairy Crest risks the factors of soil erosion and damaging of pasture crops due to excess rains. The vice versa is also dangerous as hot climates might dry up the plants leading to future shortages. They apply conservation methods and irrigation to resolve these cases. Is my System Vulnerable to the Climate Change-680 2.1 How have previous weather changes affected my sector? Whether has greatly affected the operations of Dairy Crest and the whole milk production industry in the UK in the past. Reports show that sudden rainfalls, extreme hot temperatures and strong winds have reduced income received from the sector in an annual basis. Heavy rains destroy the animal feeds which are the major source of nutrients facilitating to the livestock production. The vast fields in Dairy crest were flooded making it difficult for the animals to walk around and feed on their own. They also damaged some of the weak animal structures which led to the deaths of a few and additional costs of repairs. Hot temperatures on the other hand are not effective for comfortable survival of the dairy cattle. The heat inside the structures and in the outdoor environment leads to stress for the animals which in turn leads to reduced milk outputs (Prathap et.al 2016). The animal feed growing suffered the most as lack of rains for long period led to poor quality pasture and dying up in some areas that could not be irrigated. Finally heavy winds that occurred in 2015 around the Dairy Crest fields led to a lot of damages both for the animals and the crops. Starting from the destruction of buildings, to plants, the situation forced the company to take steps against climate change. 2.2 How did my system deal with past weather events? Although the company was not able to fully protect their property, strong structures and technology inside the cattle houses were advanced to ensure for the continued production despite the weather. The animal houses were reconstructed using durable materials like concrete, graphite and steel replacing the previous bricks and wood. The offices occupied by different workers were also renovated to ensure for the safety of the employees in cases of heavy rains or strong winds. The field staff built contours and ditches top get rid of excess water that earlier on led to soil erosion. Heavy rains were therefore not that much damaging as the water did not flood the lands occupied by grass and animals as well (Patterson 2015). They also conserved the rain water which is now used during the droughts for drinking by the animals and also irrigating the crops. The sector also encouraged all the organizations and small scale farmers to adopt safe operations methods to take care of their livestock. The ministry of agriculture made power accessible to all farms and companies which in turn ensured that they can provide warming and cooling systems for their livestock. 2.3 What are the critical thresholds for my sector? Dairy farming is a critical sector when it comes to weather requirements and variations might lead to failure. Dairy Crest deals with livestock keeping as well as growing of the feeding grass which considered an advantage to their activities. It is however challenging as each of the two products require different climatic conditions and sudden changes might affect either of these. Cattle keeping require cool temperatures between the hot and cold climates to ensure for maximum milk outputs. It should not go below 20 degrees or above 70 which might not be case in a country like UK (Warner 2013). Their structures should be maintained at room temperature as it the place where the cattle spend most of their time. The pasture growing is however not as demanding in terms of climate as they can survive rainfall of up to 10,000ml (Oregon State University 2017). They can also thrive in considerably hot climates since most of these feeds maintain water for a long period including Napier grass. 2.4 Are there any unknowns that will influence the sector Once the company has considered the issues of weather and their influences to operations, they can expect to attain the highest returns. These are however factors that might threaten the industry like occurrences of diseases which are not influenced by climate (Nardone et.al 2010). These diseases might be because of the breed type of the cattle and spread quickly due to the numbers. The company should therefore make their veterinary services more often and improve their livestock grades. How will my system be affected by future climate change-680 3.1 How is Climate expected to change? There is continued increase of industrial activities all around the world, making greenhouse gas emissions a great threat to agriculture. In the UK and Australia, the situation is expected to remain the same as industrialization has spread in all the regions. There is the possibility of sudden weather shifts caused by the damaged ozone layer (Schlenker, Hanemann Fisher 2006). It might even get to a time where the extents of global warming lead to abnormal temperature escalations which completely hinders the possibility dairy farming (McMichael et.al 2007). The firm should also make arrangements to deal with such situations by first reducing the types of pollutants they release to the natural environment. 3.3 Are there indirect climate impacts that need to be considered? Climate does not always have to directly affect the animals and pasture to make an impact in the sector. The adverse variations in rainfall, sunshine and wind might be inappropriate for the workers especially those working in the fields (Barnes Toma 2012). They will end up performing poorly in their daily duties which in turn affects the companys outputs. Human resource is an important department which enables for the progress of other activities because all activities require human labor. 3.4 What risks do these climate impacts present? The greatest risk of climate change is that it can damage the progress of any agricultrual acitities. It comes hand in hand with global warming which is an issue that threatens all human, animal and plant existence. For example, life is thretened during heavy rainfalls or extremely hot weathers as survival of all living organisms require balanced temperatures. Dairy Crest involves takinmg care of the animals, crops and humans around the enviroenemnt (Uga Extension 2017). The three operate similary in their ways of adaptiong to change of the weather and any irregulatieies will have a negative impact to them. 3.5 Will climate risks be more or less important than others for my systems? There are many factors that might influence the dairy farming industry in both the positive and negative ways. However, climate has the biggest effect as nature and agriculture are interdependent. The best way to ensure that there is a successful experience in the sector is by controlling the temperatures by constructing the appropriate structures for the animals and plants as well (Lesschen et.al 2011) The climatic variation over time influences type of activities that can take place in the company and determine the success or failure in these activities. 3.6 What are the priority risks that need and adaptation response Some of the major risks in need of a quick fix may include unfavorable and uncomfortable weather conditions that make it difficult for the survival of living creatures. The threat to the damage of the ozone layer and increased global warming are also common in the heavy industrial society (Gill, Smith Wilkinson 2010). With more of these, then there are no activities that can progress successfully especially in the area under focus. Identify, Assess and Implement your adaptation options-680 4.1 Identify a range of adaptation options With every problem, there must be ways to adapt to the situation and survive even in the worst conditions ever. The agricultural sector can make changes in their operations to keep on making progress in the changing climate environments (Yano, Shimadzu Endo 2014). Some of these options include reducing the pollutants that they release to the environment as it affects their activities. During the keeping of animals or crops, it might be beneficial to reduce the amount of chemicals used in treating diseases and many others. The sector can also adopt the much improved breeds that ensure for the comfortable adaptation of tough climatic variations (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2014). 4.2 Identify your adaptation options Dairy Crest deals with sensitive animals that require specific temperatures to effectively develop and produce as well. The company can therefore purchase animal genes that are adaptive to all weather conditions with much comforts. Most of these breeds can be found in Netherlands whereby dairy farming is the core of the economy (Paerl Paul 2012). These livestock are easier to maintain and can deal with diseases and temperature changes without having to reduce their milk outputs. Finally the company should consider trying out forestry in their fields as it seems to have less trees. Forests help reduce soil erosion by holding soil particles together which will be of a benefit to the growing of pasture. They also reduce the strength of winds which have a damaging impact on the crops, animal structures and the comfort of the livestock as well (Rojas et.al 2017). From the picture shown above, more trees are needed to provide shelter, act as windbreakers and also attract rainfall. 4.3 Factors to consider while evaluating options These options should consider the factors of cost and space since there might a limitation of both. Aquiring higher quality breeds of cattle require resources to ensure that you get the best animals and achieve the desired results (Dairy Guy 2016). Such like a move might leave the company deprived of funds and unable to conduct other crucial activities. It is therefore good to ensure that the firm has the ability to improve their breeds with less impacts on its internal and external operations. Planting trees requires space as the activity should not block the animal structures from accessing direct sunrays. The company should also consider having a vast land for the animals to feed outdoor with protection from the forest (Bindi Olesen 2011). It is therefore important to ensure that the company plans its landscapes to incorporate trees and still balance with the keeping of the animals. 4.5 When should this assessment be reviewed The assessment should be reviewed every time there is need to find out more about climate change and its influence to dairy farming. The analysis describes in details the different weather conditions and their impacts to the sector and options that can be used to adapt these situations (Stocker 2014). It is however a guide for future reference to establish the position of Dairy Crest in the past and the changes they have made since then. Therefore, the document is a crucial piece of information in the present and the future. References Barnes, A.P. and Toma, L., 2012. A typology of dairy farmer perceptions towards climate change. Climatic Change, 112(2), pp.507-522. Bindi, M., Olesen, J. E., 2011. The responses of agriculture in Europe to climate change. Regional Environmental Change, 11(1), 151-158. Capper, J. L., Cady, R. A., Bauman, D. E., 2009. The environmental impact of dairy production: 1944 compared with 2007. Journal of animal science, 87(6), 2160-2167. Christensen, J. H., Kanikicharla, K. K., Marshall, G., Turner, J., 2013. Climate phenomena and their relevance for future regional climate change. Dunn, R. J., Mead, N. E., Willett, K. M., Parker, D. E., 2014. Analysis of heat stress in UK dairy cattle and impact on milk yields. Environmental research letters, 9(6), 064006. Dairy Guy, 2016 Breeds of Dairy Cattle. Retrieved on Nov 12th 2017 from https://www.dairymoos.com/breeds-of-dairy-cattle/ Ethical Consumer, 2015, Dairy Crest Group plc - Climate Change; Retrieved on Nov 12th 2017 from https://www.birminghampost.co.uk/business/commercial-property/birchall-sets-temperature-new-dairy-3946242 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2014. Climate Change 2014Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Regional Aspects. Cambridge University Press. Lesschen, J. P., Van den Berg, M., Westhoek, H. J., Witzke, H. P., Oenema, O., 2011. Greenhouse gas emission profiles of European livestock sectors. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 166, 16-28. McMichael, A. J., Powles, J. W., Butler, C. D., Uauy, R., 2007. Food, livestock production, energy, climate change, and health. The lancet, 370(9594), 1253-1263. Gill, M., Smith, P., Wilkinson, J. M., 2010. Mitigating climate change: the role of domestic livestock. animal, 4(3), 323-333. Nardone, A., Ronchi, B., Lacetera, N., Ranieri, M. S., Bernabucci, U.,2010. Effects of climate changes on animal production and sustainability of livestock systems. Livestock Science, 130(1), 57-69. Oregon State University, 2017. Discuss the Basics of Grass Growth. Retrieved on Nov 12th 2017 from https://forages.oregonstate.edu/nfgc/eo/onlineforagecurriculum/instructormaterials/availabletopics/management/growth Paerl, H. W., Paul, V. J., 2012. Climate change: links to global expansion of harmful cyanobacteria. Water research, 46(5), 1349-1363. Patterson B., 2015. Australias Farmers challenged by Climate Change. Retrieved from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/australia-s-farmers-challenged-by-climate-change/ Prathap P., Archana P.R., Aleena J., Sejian V., 2016 Heat Stress and Dairy Cow: Impact on Both Milk Yield and Composition Rojas-Downing, M. M., Nejadhashemi, A. P., Harrigan, T., Woznicki, S. A., 2017. Climate change and livestock: impacts, adaptation, and mitigation. Climate Risk Management. Schlenker, W., Hanemann, W. M., Fisher, A. C., 2006. The impact of global warming on US agriculture: an econometric analysis of optimal growing conditions. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 88(1), 113-125. Stocker, T. (Ed.), 2014. Climate change 2013: the physical science basis: Working Group I contribution to the Fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. Uga Extension, 2017. Managing and Feeding Lactating Dairy Cows in Hot Weather. Retrieved from https://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.html?number=B956 Warner D., 2013. Keeping cows cool critical to dairy industry as climate warms. Retrieved on Nov 12th 2017 from https://www.pennlive.com/midstate/index.ssf/2013/04/keeping_cows_cool_critical_to.html Yano, M., Shimadzu, H., Endo, T., 2014. Modelling temperature effects on milk production: a study on Holstein cows at a Japanese farm. SpringerPlus, 3(1), 129.